![]() It’s a really impressive array of features for any free desktop screen recorder, let alone a web-based solution. The Settings menu (found by clicking the three dots) features further options, including the ability to customize the keyboard shortcuts, where your videos are saved to, frame rates, and more. If you want to adjust the recording settings, you can use the drop-down menu on the toolbar to select which part of your screen should be recorded (full screen, a custom region, or an area with the same dimensions as different mobile devices). If you're satisfied with the default settings, you can start recording by simply hitting the big red Record button. You'll see the recording toolbar and the center of your screen will be automatically selected as the recording area. ![]() Once you’ve downloaded the installer, simply click Start Recording. How do I use the Apowersoft Free Online Screen Recorder?Īpowersoft Free Online Screen Recorder is really easy to use, featuring a simple interface and on-screen tips to help get you started. Apowersoft Screen Recorder Pro and Apowersoft ApowerREC, meanwhile, are premium paid-for apps that have limited free trials before requiring a subscription. You can resize the camera picture to meet your precise needs.Īlternatives to Apowersoft Free Online Screen Recorder include free applications Amazing-Share Free Screen Recorder, Free Screen Recorder, and Icecream Screen Recorder. It’s also possible to record multiple webcam videos side-by-side using common chat services such as Skype or GoToMeeting. This is especially useful for creating instructional videos. You can even add your webcam into the screen recording so that viewers can see both your demonstration and screen activity simultaneously. ![]() The application can also switch seamlessly between recording activity on the computer screen or on your website, without stopping the recording. Once you’ve finished your video you can either save a local copy (export videos to MP4, WMV, AVI, FLV, MPEG, VOB, ASF, and GIF) or upload directly it to video-sharing platforms such as RecCloud and YouTube. It can be used on Windows and Mac computers, as well as Android and iOS devices.įree Online Screen Recorder allows you to choose the resolution of your video, the audio input (system audio and microphone audio), take and annotate simple screenshots, and add arrows, text, and lines while you record. You can then make unlimited recordings of your screen online with just a few clicks. This web-based screen capture application does not require Java Applet, instead, you install a launcher the first time you use it. You can record your screen online for free using the Apowersoft Free Online Screen Recorder, which has no time limitations, paywalls, or watermarks. How can I record my screen online for free? With its intuitive user interface, it’s painless to use the application to create video streams, self-demonstration, live chat, and more. This app is web-based, meaning you simply open the program in your web browser to record all types of activities on your screen. Technical Title: Apowersoft Screen Recorder Pro 2.4.With Apowersoft Free Online Screen Recorder you can quickly and easily record your computer screen without downloading screencast software. Easy to use, this desktop tool not only allows you to record any on-screen activities in a variety of ways, it also offers handy tools like drawing elements and other graphics. Overall, Apowersoft Screen Recorder delivers an impressive collaboration of screen-recording and conversion features designed to make it a one-stop-shop for its field. You’re also only a few clicks away from uploading your videos to a cloud server or sharing on YouTube and other platforms. Once you are done with your screencast you will be able to turn recorded videos into a host of desired formats, for watching on a plethora of systems or devices. Apowersoft Screen Recorder also boasts a wealth of image editing tools. Operating on Windows, Apowersoft Screen Recorder Pro will allow you to capture screen activity on full screen mode or just a specific part of your screen.
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NUMBER OF PLAYERS AND AVERAGE PLAYTIME: This board game for adults and family can be played with 1 to 4 players and is suitable for ages 14 and older. Descent: Legends of the Dark Publisher Fantasy Flight Games Designer Kara Centell-Dunk Nathan Hajek Players 1 - 4 MSRP 174.95 Year Published 2021 Genre Co-op Dungeon Crawl Terrinoth is in peril.AN EXPANSIVE ADVENTURE: Descent: Legends of the Dark has 14 quests that span 50-65 hours of playtime, while the interactive storytelling and app-driven decisions off a ton of replayability.Not only does the app take on the role of the Overlord, controlling the monsters with A.I., but it also drives the story, allowing players to make choices that shape the narrative of the game. Descent: Legends of the Dark Ghosts of Greyhaven can be incorporated as a side story in the Act I campaign included in Descent: Legends of the Dark, or it can be played as a standalone adventure, although presumably using components from the earlier standalone game. The app doesn't tell you anything about how much content is still ahead. I hate it not to know how close to the end we are. APP-DRIVEN: The all-new Descent app brings an increased level of immersion to the world of Terrinoth. Is there a list of the scenarios of the campaign available somewhere We are in the middle of it.All of the monsters are controlled by an intuitive app that tells the players how the monsters respond to the players™ actions. All players work together as they progress through the story. The demon-tainted Uthuk Yllan barbarians stalk the realm and the undead servants of Waiqar. COOPERATIVE GAME: Unlike previous Descent titles, Legends of the Dark is fully cooperative. Fantasy Flight released Descent: Legends of the Dark as the third edition of its dungeon-crawling Descent series back in 2021. ![]() Select a hero to play as and work together with up to 3 of your friends as you fight your way through a campaign that will immerse you into the world of Terrinoth as never before. Learn how to play Descent: Legends of the Dark in five minutes or less or more Gather your band of heroes and take them forth on quests to defeat enemies and explore the unknown.
If you develop a clear outline and hold to one of four essay types, you can easily write a paper What should you write toĭevelop a long constructive paper? Where to find supporting arguments for every paragraph? Thousands of words may seem a super challenging point to achieve. Make sure you’ve read all the instructions before sending These settings are what usually chosen for an essay, but your university may ask to change the
![]() I can't speak highly enough of Telltale Games' work with The Walking Dead on mobile: it's made gripping, atmospheric classics. The Walking Dead: Season Two (Free + IAP) The Walking Dead: Season Two for Android. It's a simple, useful app for keeping an eye on your stats, answering comments from viewers, and managing other aspects of your channel. There's also a global gallery so you can see what other people have been spotting and sharing.įinally, another app with a very specific audience: people who run channels on YouTube. SpeakingPhoto does what it says on the tin: you take a photo, then record a voice note to go with it, and then share to various social networks with up to eight pics and notes at a time. The app promises up to 48 hours advance notice, with a simple system of colour-grading to indicate severity. This app aims to keep you posted on severe weather coming your way, from blizzards to monster thunderstorms. More alerts, but these are of the meteorological kind. The app sends location updates to the user's chosen contacts, hiding itself as best as possible so an attacker can't disable it. It's from Amnesty International, mainly for its activists as well as journalists around the world who might suddenly be in danger and need to let friends or colleagues know. Hopefully, most people reading this article won't ever find themselves in a position dangerous enough to require this app. Well, friends who are also on Nudge, anyway. Its aim: to give you an overall "health score" while comparing your quantified self to friends. Nudge is the latest health-tracking app, although in this case, it aggregates data from others – from Fitbit gadgets to the Moves and RunKeeper apps. If you've got or made a pair, this app offers some demos of how Google services can work with them, from YouTube to Google Earth. The proof will come a few months down the line when it's adapted to you well (or not) but early adopters seem impressed.īy far the quirkiest thing announced at Google I/O, this app goes with a make-your-own cardboard pair of virtual reality Goggles, into which you slot your Android device. The twist here is that it claims to "adapt" to your daily behaviour, trying to show you the most relevant apps to your time and activity for faster access. The focus is on learning programming skills in HTML, CSS, JavaScript, Python and other languages, with a host of classes to then push on: from applied cryptography through to robotics AI.Īvailable in beta for a while, Aviate is now out and proud in the Google Play store, as the latest "launcher" app trying to smarten up Android users' homescreens. Udacity is one of the online learning startups getting a lot of buzz in the US and elsewhere, with this its first Android app. Although a fair few teenagers may balk at the idea of their parents seeing an itemisation of their spending. It's essentially a prepay debit card, funded by parents, with the app used by both children and parents to keep tabs on balances and transactions. Osper is an interesting idea making its debut in the UK: a "money management system" for young people – i.e. You can create and edit presentations, working across the app and website, as well as accessing PowerPoint files and inviting colleagues to collaborate on individual presentations. Unveiled at Google's I/O developer conference last week, Slides is the official app for Google's PowerPoint-esque presentations software. And if you're looking for iOS apps, browse the archives of Best iPhone and iPad apps roundups instead. What's New in Version 7.3.1 This app has been updated by Apple to use the latest Apple signing certificate.Want more apps? Browse previous Best Android Apps roundups on The Guardian. Questions or feedback? Contact our Customer Support!īy downloading this game, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy Single-player STORY MODE for those who brave dungeons alone Expansive CITY-BUILDING and farming mechanics COLLECT rare loot drops as you explore the realm CUSTOMIZE your appearance with weapons and armor A legendary KNIGHT, a deadly ARCHER, or a powerful MAGE? ![]() Form a GUILD and dominate the leaderboards Team up with friends, or go head-to-head in PvP ARENAS ►Fight alongside THOUSANDS of players in turn-based combat against evil monsters Are you ready for an amazing role-playing game experience? WARTUNE: HALL OF HEROES is now on mobile! Join millions of players together to share victory with friends! Adventurers, face your destiny in the HALL OF HEROES! The world of WARTUNE awaits! ![]() It's fast and free with no viruses, ads, etc. You can save the collages in JPEG, PNG, or even Photoshop PSD format so that you can edit the collage yourself afterwards. I enjoy developing and using Shape Collage and I want others to be able to easily create their own collages. I then realized that my program was not restricted to merely creating rectangular collages like every other collage making software or website, and so, Shape Collage was born. So, I created a program that automatically creates photo collages and attempts to optimally place the photos in the collage using a machine learning algorithm that I developed. I used to use Photoshop to manually create the collages, but this would take forever. I was never satisfied with the collages created using Picasa and other programs because the photos are just randomly placed in the collage, the photos do not optimally cover the area of the collage, and many of the photos are covered up by other photos. I like to make collages to summarize albums of photos that I have so I can post it on my blog, use as my desktop wallpaper, use for scrap booking projects, etc. ![]() Shape Collage - Free Automatic Photo Collage Maker Shape Collage - Free Automatic Photo Collage Maker Shape Collage - Free Automatic Photo Collage Maker This is the project website (includes a lot of examples, screenshots, link to the download, etc.): I made each of those in less than a minute. One is 200 photos of my cat in the shape of a heart, and the other is Cody created with 161 images that I grabbed from the Donation Coder website (Shape Collage can grab photos directly from websites). I have attached two example collages to this post. I'd like to announce a (donationware) program I wrote called Shape Collage that automatically creates photo collages in different shapes, like a heart, cat, or in the shape of a word, very quickly and easily. The easiest way to do this is with the lowercase L option in zpool(8) import, which retrieves all the keys it can before mounting your encrypted datasets: # zpool import pool -l Even if their key is available, you must import them first before the zfs dataset is mounted and ready to use (it looks like an rc.d service was written and reviewed to facilitate doing this on boot, which I’ll need to investigate). I had initially assumed that using keys would result in the zfs datasets automounting when the zpool is imported, which is not the case. Wait, hold on, that’s it? Yes! How cool is that!? Gotchas => pool/tank keylocation file:///root/example.key local # zfs get encryption,keylocation,keyformat pool/tank o keylocation=file:///root/example.key pool/tank You can also verify the operation and check the encryption scheme used with zfs-get(8): # zfs create -o encryption=on -o keyformat=hex \ After that, we create a zpool(8), which has the encryption feature available by default on FreeBSD 13: # zpool create pool "/dev/gpt/$_LABEL" You can prepare your drive with gpart(8) and create a key as per above. What’s even cooler is that all of ZFS’s data integrity, deduping, compression, exports, and other features can operate on these encrypted datasets, even if they’re not imported/mounted. OpenZFS’s native encryption operates at the dataset level, negating the need for a GELI device that has to be mounted separately. OpenZFS inline encryptionīy contrast, is a phrase with two words. This may still be preferable in some circumstances, as we’ll get to in a moment. GELI is device and file-system agnostic, and ZFS is unaware (AFAIK) that it’s operating within a virtual encrypted device. The key here is you’re encrypting the entire partition beneath ZFS. When you restart, you perform the geli attach then zpool import as normal. This uses a plain disk, but you could just as easily build this on top of an iSCSI mount, or a HAST volume. # geli attach -pk "$_KEY" "/dev/gpt/$_LABEL" # geli init -P -K "$_KEY" "/dev/gpt/$_LABEL" # gpart add -t freebsd-zfs -l "$_LABEL" /dev/ada5 Note in the final step we reference the virtual encrypted device: # _LABEL="12TB-IronWolf-SERIALNO" We create a new GPT layout, label it (you’ll be glad you did), create a key, create a new virtual GELI encrypted block device, then build our ZFS pool on top. Here’s an example of a typical encrypted ZFS volume using GELI. It’s proven, well tested, and secure, like my hat. GELI was the most recent and accepted tool to achieve this, akin to cgd on NetBSD, or LUKS on Linux. We’ve always been able to encrypt ZFS on FreeBSD, albeit with an intermediate layer performing the encryption before our data hits the disk. It still works, and will for the foreseeable future.Ī shiny new set of drives for my home server finally gave me the kick up the proverbial posterior to give it a shot with some prod data that definitely isn’t a Plex server for anime. I also didn’t feel as compelled to rush out and replace my GELI encrypted volumes as I first thought. I’d used the closed-source equivalent on the last Solaris, and had made some proof of concepts on the -CURRENT branch, but I hadn’t used it for any real world data. I’ve mentioned many times how excited I was for OpenZFS in FreeBSD 13, due in no small part to its inline encryption capabilities. ![]() ![]() As opposed to a professioion? WHOA, is that how that works? Don’t answer that. ![]() Its phony positive charge is more than the other applications on this list, and it also failed to detect most malware. Style Micro is yet another free Google android antivirus iphone app that doesn’t execute a very good job at finding trojan infections. Its free variant doesn’t have the automatic application scans that other anti virus software do, however it does have a blocker pertaining to malicious scam websites and an software lock. This product’s dark-themed main window looks almost exactly like that. Malwarebytes is another well-known virus removal that’s available as an software for Google android. 10 Million users worldwide stay safe online with TotalAV for Amazon Devices, Android, PC & Mac. TotalAV Total Security raises that to six licenses and adds an ad blocker and a password manager, at a cost of 149 per year. Its viruses how to choose antivirus for macbook scanning service engine can be rated superior by check labs, plus it includes a nothing else helpful features like an iphone app advisor and a protected browser. Norton isn’t a free Android antivirus app, but it does offer excellent protection against viruses and other threats. It is ad-free interface and convenience make that possibly the best choices for people who want to patrol their equipment from risks. Create a TotalAV account or log in with your existing account credentials. Once you’ve done that, select an alternative antivirus for your Android device. TotalAV is an excellent Android os antivirus app that provides lots of useful features for that low price. Download and install TotalAV from the official website or FileHorse. To cancel your TotalAV subscription on your Android device and receive your refund, simply follow the above steps. Therefore, let’s check the requirements for the systems mentioned above: Windows system requirements. It comes with a free tier and a paid variation that gives things like current protection, a great app freeze, and more. First and foremost, it’s worth mentioning that you can install TotalAV on Windows, Android, macOS, iOS, and Fire HD devices. Kaspersky Mobile Ant-virus is another superb choice whenever you are looking for malware detection, antivirus and anti-theft features. Absolute security for Windows, Android, Mac and iOS. Its scanning engine is highly graded by 3rd party testing labs and it includes a range of useful features just like scheduled works, security protection for your software and data stored on your own internal storage, and more. In 2023 TotalAV ranked No1 in AV-TEST industry testing scores Multi-level virus protection and. When you choose the Antivirus Pro plan, you will be able to protect three. ![]() In addition they provide useful privacy features and anti-theft capabilities.Īvira is one of the finest Android os antivirus app available. All plans are compatible with Windows, macOS, iOS, and Android. Android antivirus security software apps help protect the device via malware, viruses and other on the web threats. Get TotalAV Mobile Security 2022 to stay protected from damaging malware, viruses and dangerous websites. ![]() ![]() Size: 61.7 MB, Cost: USD $29.00, Permit: Shareware, Author: Tipard Facilities (), 9 PCHand Mass media Converter Pro for Mac pc is a expert best press converter for Mac that convert video clip, HD video and tear Dvd movie to various popular video on Macintosh and play-back on iPod, iPhone, iPád, PSP, Zune, Créative, Android and others transportable devices. In fact it contains iPod Exchange Professional for Mac pc and iPhone 4G Ringtone Creator for Mac pc. Advanced audio functions (cross-fade detection, gap murderer, volume normalization), flow in several platforms, large songs libraries and very much more.Īll you need is included to sound like a PRO! Size: 78.0 MB, Cost: USD $299.00, Permit: Shareware, Author: Spacial Audio Solutions, LLC (spacial.cóm), 8 Tipard iPod + iPhone 4G Mac Suite is usually the best iPod iPhone 4 Mac software program to exchange between iPod/iPhoné 4 and Mac, create iPhone 4G ringtone on Macintosh. Dimension: 15.6 MB, Cost: USD $20.00, Permit: Shareware, Author: NeatMP3 (), 7 Start your on the web radio place with SAM Broadcaster Mac. NeatMP3 Pro for Mac pc is definitely a effective music organizer software that will enable you. (é), 6 NeatMP3 Professional for Macintosh is usually a powerful music organizer software that will enable you to conveniently merge, manage, rename and edit the labels of all the audio documents on your computer. Dimension: 19.0 MB, Price: USD $17.99, License: Shareware, Author: EffectMatrix Ltd. ![]() Size: 65.5 MB, Price: USD $99.95, Permit: Shareware, Author: Wondershare Software (), 5 Wise Zipper Professional for Macintosh is definitely a professional archiving app, which can simply create, remove and preview major save documents like Diddly, RAR, 7z and even more ( Over 20 well-known platforms ) Wise Zipper Professional for Macintosh is usually a expert archiving app, which can quickly. Wondershare PDF Publisher Professional for Mac provides OCR technology and records smarter on Mac OS Back button. () 4 Wondershare PDF Editor Pro for Mac pc can be a higher quality yet inexpensive PDF editing tool to help you modify PDF as per your desires on Macintosh OS X. Size: 12.0 MB, Cost: USD $19.99, Permit: Shareware, Writer: DivX, lnc. ![]() DivX Professional for Macintosh will be a digital video creation and play-back software. DivX Pro for Mac pc 6.5 features the DivX Pro Codec, DivX Converter, DivX Participant and DivX Internet Participant. () 3 With DivX Pro for Mac pc, the development and playback of DivX video clips has certainly not been less difficult. Size: 54.5 MB, Cost: USD $79.99, License: Demonstration, Author: ArcSoft, Inc. Dimension: 34.6 MB, Cost: USD $35.00, Permit: Shareware, Writer: Tipard Studio room () 2 Right now with Panorama Producer 5 Professional for Macintosh, you can generate your panoramic photo from movies you consider! Related to stitching using photos, the program automatically analyzes the video and discovers the related frames to be stitched. It can copy iPod files(music, video, photo) to Macintosh and upload tracks/videos/photos from Macintosh to iPod. More by: 1 Tipard ipod device Transfer Professional for Mac pc is usually an excellent iPod to Mac pc Transfer, and Mac to iPod Exchange among iPod, iPhone and Mac pc for iPod supporters. Fake diamonds drip down my sternum, and my false eyelashes seem as large and as dark as butterfly wings. It happens every time I dress for Waltz Variations: I feel as if I’ve time-traveled to a past, more glamorous era. Her legs are long and almost skeletally thin.īut as I step into my own circle of ridged white tulle, I leave the chaos behind. “You’d better not let Christine see that gum or she’ll grab it right out of your mouth,” Adriana says as she sews into her pointe shoes. “I hope I don’t die before the curtain comes down.” “I took, like, eight Advil today,” a dark-haired dancer named Olivia says as she smacks her gum. On the floor are discarded bits of clothing, lone pointe shoes, leg warmers, and half-empty water bottles. Some girls look deep in thought, while others chat loudly with one another. The room is a tangle of satin, tulle, and long, lean limbs. We’re backstage in the Green Room before a Friday night performance, and all around me dancers are being fastened into their pristine white tutus. I sympathize with Christine: It looks chaotic in here. With one last glance at us, she turns and scurries out, her short, platinum blond hair sticking up in all directions. This means worrying about everything from the placement of the spotlights to the egos of prima ballerinas. It’s her job to make sure that every performance of the Manhattan Ballet goes the way it should. I have the whole overture.”Ĭhristine smiles then, looking affectionate but also a little tense. Am I going to have to hold the curtain?”Īdriana wrinkles her pointy, powdered nose and holds up her shoes, plus the needle and thread she’ll use to sew herself into them. ![]() “Adriana, you don’t even have your shoes on. Her headset crackles, and she hastily barks something into it, then turns back to us. Let’s shake a leg!” Christine, the stage manager, stands in the doorway with her hands on her hips. “Throw yourself into your dancing now,” one of my teachers once said, “because the life span of a dancer can be as short as a fruit fly’s.” There’s nothing pink or froufrou about that. Today, for example, I’m wearing a faded navy cotton leotard and black, slightly less faded leggings. We rarely buy new dance clothes because we know that most ballet careers are short-lived. We rehearse in old leotards, threadbare tights, and torn leg warmers. We spend most of our time hidden from the audience, working as hard as we possibly can to strengthen and control our bodies so that when we step onstage, everything we do looks perfect and effortless. Yes, we wear tutus and tiaras, but only when we perform each night. My mother thinks I’m a star, but she’s biased.īesides, the word ballerina sounds too pink, too froufrou. Me, I’m a dancer in the corps de ballet, just one of the dozens of girls who dance in graceful unison each night. ![]() ![]() Their head shots are printed in the program, with their names in large print. They dance center stage under the spotlight, and they get their own curtain calls. Don’t call me a ballerina.īallerinas are the stars of the company. For all of the unsung heroes in the back line As pointed out by the authors, detection and measurement of antibodies generated by SARS-CoV-2 infection should be extended over a longer period of time. Moreover, neutralizing antibody titers still correlated with neutralizing antibody titers at Day 148. 1 Notably, specific antibodies were maintained for at least 5 months, showing a modest decrease over time (particularly at initial titers of 1:960 to ≥1:2880). 2 In addition, the Science paper also examined longevity of IgG antibodies specific for the SARS-CoV-2 S protein in 121 volunteers over a period of around 5 months, separated by three mean time points (30, 82, and 148 days after symptom onset). The data from this study are consistent with those from previous studies on SARS-CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), other coronaviruses with high fatality rates in humans the latter studies show that, virus-specific antibodies, particularly those targeting S proteins and/or RBD fragments, correlate positively with neutralizing antibody titers. Overall, these results indicate that SARS-CoV-2 S-targeting IgG antibodies in SARS-CoV-2-infected patients neutralized authentic SARS-CoV-2 infection, and that the induced IgG antibody titer correlated with the neutralizing antibody titer. Plasma with IgG titers of 1:320, 1:960, or ≥1:2880 corresponded to neutralizing antibody titers of 1:30, 1:75, and 1:550, respectively, and all samples with IgG titers ranging from 1:960 to ≥1:2880 neutralized SARS-CoV-2 infection. They then selected 120 plasma samples with IgG titers varying from non-detectable to ≥1:2880 and examined neutralizing activity against authentic SARS-CoV-2 infection. This figure was prepared using BioRender ( ) and UCSF ChimeraX ( ) SARS-CoV-2 S NTD is colored in orange, RBD in green, and the rest part of S protein in light blue. The following PDB entries are used for structural illustrations: 7C2L (structure of SARS-CoV-2 S in complex with NTD-targeting mAb 4A8), 7K4N (structure of SARS-CoV-2 S in complex with RBD-targeting mAb S2E12), 7KKK (structure of SARS-CoV-2 S in complex with RBD-targeting nanobody Nb6), and 6VW1 (structure of SARS-CoV-2 RBD in complex with human ACE2). RBD-targeting neutralizing mAbs or nanobodies (Nbs), on the other hand, bind directly to SARS-CoV-2 S protein RBD and compete with the cellular receptor, angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), resulting in neutralization of viral infection and clearance of the virus. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) targeting S protein NTD prevent conformational changes of the S protein that are required for S2-mediated membrane fusion, and hence inhibit viral entry into host cells. b Mode of action of SARS-CoV-2 S-specific neutralizing antibodies. NTD, N-terminal domain RBD, receptor-binding domain FP, fusion peptide HR1 and HR2, heptad region 1 and 2 TM, transmembrane domain IC, intracellular tail. a Schematic structures of SARS-CoV-2 virion and its S protein. SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein is a key target for eliciting neutralizing antibodies. In general, antibodies targeting the viral RBD are more potent than the antibodies targeting other regions (such as NTD) of S protein, but they might be less broad in inhibiting multiple virus strains. Thus, understanding the aforementioned mechanism underlying SARS-CoV-2 infection and the mode of action of anti-SARS-CoV-2-S antibodies will help elucidate the kinetics of antibody production in SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals, and facilitate the development of effective countermeasures. By contrast, RBD-targeting antibodies such as mAbs and nanobodies (Nbs) form RBD/mAb or RBD/Nb complexes that inhibit binding of the RBD to ACE2, thereby preventing entry of SARS-CoV-2 into target cells (Fig. For example, NTD-targeting antibodies (monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) or their fragments) bind the NTD to form an NTD/mAb complex, thereby preventing conformational changes in the S protein and blocking membrane fusion and viral entry (Fig. Antibodies targeting various regions of S protein have different mechanisms in inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 infection. Different from other structural proteins, the S protein is a critical target for the induction of antibodies, particularly neutralizing antibodies, specific for SARS-CoV-2. This triggers conformational changes in the S protein, leading to membrane fusion mediated via HR1 and HR2 this process culminates in viral entry into target cells (Fig. SARS-CoV-2 infection undergoes a series of processes: the RBD first binds its receptor, angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), to form an RBD/ACE2 complex. 2 It comprises subunits S1 and S2: S1 harbors the N-terminal domain (NTD) and the receptor-binding domain (RBD), whereas S2 harbors heptad repeat 1 (HR1) and HR2 (Fig. ![]() The S protein plays a key role in viral infection and pathogenesis. The SARS-CoV-2 genome encodes spike (S), nucleocapsid, membrane, and envelope structural proteins. |
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